Friday, 28 November 2008

Film Noir's Distinctive Lighting Style


...Film Noir...

Film Noir is a film genre often classified as providing dark or fatalistic interpretations of reality, meaning "black film" in French it is a cinematic term predominantly used to describe Hollywood crime dramas mainly for those that emphasise the moral ambiguity and sexual motivation seen within them. The term is applied to the films of the late 1940s to the early 1950s that often portrayed a rough or criminal underworld and cynical characters. Films seen within that era were often noted for their use of harsh, expressionistic lighting and stylised camera work which was often employed in urban settings.
Stretching from the early 1940s to the late 1950s film noir has always been associated with the low key lighting seen within the genre's films as often being weak shades of black and white. Although film noir does mean "black film" the emphasis of light and dark is deeply shown by the high key and low key lighting used within the films of that genre which makes it appear as being very accurate and precise.
One of the key features of film noir lighting is the intensity of the darkness which is provided by the low key lighting of the shadows, due to the single light source used to create a film noir film it is often easy to create a superb cinematic lighting. The use of stark, high-contrast lighting is the most noticeable visual feature of film noir. The shadowy noir style can be traced to the German Expressionist cinema which has greatly influenced film noir.

These lighting effects were often used in films such as:-

Rebecca (1940)                                                This Gun for Hire  (1942)

                                               

The Big Heat (1953)                                                      Loophole (1954)

                                             

Night scenes often filmed in glistening wet streets also connote the cinematic attribute of low key, chiaroscuro lighting due to the use of shadow to comment on a character's mental make-up such as blocks of shadow which can often suggest that the character has an unrevealed "dark side". These lighting effects are often put across as being striking in black and white which greatly represent the film noir genre. 
The shadows of Venetian blinds or banister rods would often provide an iconic visual in film noir due to the use of low key lighting; these were regularly cast upon an actor, a wall or an entire set which had become well known to be done during the film noir era. Characters' faces were usually cast out from the scene because of the low key lighting shone upon them initially providing the murky darkness that the character may entail, this was regularly done partially or wholly which was a key feature in Hollywood film making of that time.

Thursday, 27 November 2008

Lighting and its effects of a Still Image and Short Extract


Carrie


This is a still image from the film "Carrie" which was produced in 1976 by Brian De Palma. From looking at the image you will probably notice that there is a mixture of lighting which has been used as it shows both high key and low key elements. Low key lighting has mainly been used in the background which in a way represents the danger that may be seen within the film. High key lighting has been used to make the image appear more realistic giving a definitive meaning possibly behind the narrative, the way in which the woman in the blue garment is positioned and the way in which the high key lighting is shining upon her face links to how her character could be portrayed within the film, possibly a deep believer in God as she is also looking up. The audience get to see the characters' facial expressions due to the lighting on their faces, the image shows that the young female character is possibly scared and unsure of what the older female character is going to do and it appears as though she is struggling to set herself free from the older female character's hands due to her tight grasp of the younger female character.

A typical convention of horror films (which is the genre of this image) is underlighting, within the image this has provided a distorted effect which contributes to the genre of the film due to it's use of making the two characters seem more creepy and frightening. With both uses of high key and low key lighting seen within the image, it also let's the audience know that either one or both character's seen within the image have another side to them, possibly a dark one which will make the audience prepare themselves for what events may unveil within the film and how these events may lead to the climax of the film.



This is a short extract taken from the film "Carrie", there appears to be a distinction between the types of lighting used or at least seen within the extract. Mostly seen within the extract is low key lighting, this gives the impression that something unpleasant may be about to happen, this makes the film or at least the extract appear more realistic as low key lighting greatly represents the horror genre.

Although it is mainly low key lighting being used within the extract, there are elements of high key lighting which have been provided by the filler lights which helped to soften the shadows created by the characters; this enables the extract to appear as dim as possible allowing the setting of the extract to be taken into account of with it being a prom. Throughout the extract we also see that a red type of lighting has been used possibly provided by the underlighting, we mainly see that this has been used throughout all the extract, with red possibly connoting blood and death within the film, the audience get a quick insight into how this may be linked to the climax of the film and possibly what could happen. As with the still image and the connection between the high key and low key lighting being used the audience know that the female character at one point within the extract does have a good side which is portrayed by her winning Prom Queen but they may also realise that she does have a bad side deeply represented by the amount of low key lighting used within the extract.

Sunday, 23 November 2008

Mise-en-scène Analysis of a Still Image


Daredevil 



Costumes = The costumes that are worn by the characters within the poster tell the audience that there is a type of comic book aspect towards the film as they are dressed as super-heroes and heroines. One of the characters shown on the poster is dressed in a suit connoting that he could have a different agenda within the film than the other characters.

Lighting = As said before, the actors and actresses are shown to be portraying super-heroes and heroines, but because of the low key lighting used you could also say that there is a portrayal of villains within the film. There is use of both high key and low key lighting within the poster, both connoting an idea of there being an aspect of good and evil contained within the film.

Actors = All four characters seen within the poster are shown to be standing on the roof of a building connoting to the audience that these characters are superior towards them. The way in which their bodies are positioned on the poster also connotes what type of role they are playing; the character wearing the red suit is shown to be the main hero of the film as his body language shows him to be somewhat brave and courageous, but the body language of the characters in the background seem to differ from those in the foreground as it shows them to be very corrupt and errant, this can also be connoted by their facial expressions.

Make-up = There isn't very much use of make-up, this may have been done because within the poster the audience may have not been able to see how dynamic the film is based on the make-up alone. The director of the film probably thought that the audience would get a lot more information on the narrative from the costumes rather than the make-up when it comes to the narrative of the film as the costumes appear to be more detailed.

Props = The main props used within the poster appear to be swords which are held by the female character and one of the male characters. The use of these props lets the audience know that the film will include a lot of action and may include danger. If you look closely you will be able to see that the actor on the right hand side is holding a cane, this ties in with his costume as both portray him as being a prime character within the film and in someway show him as being the mastermind behind all the action and danger of which may take place within the film.

Setting = The setting as a whole appears to be very contrasted due to the use of high key and low key lighting and the position of the characters, it shows them to be very superior towards the audience. Due to the skyscraper buildings in the background, the film appears to be set in a city where crime is most common.

...Genre...

The film appears to have a hybrid of genres as it includes action and fantasy with the main basis of it being a superhero film; this is represented by the costumes worn by the actors and their body language. With the characters standing on the roof of a building, this in a way also connotes the superhero genre to the audience as they are each shown to have a very good stance and posture and are also shown to be very superior.

...Target Audience...

It would appeal to 15 year olds due to it being a superhero film but because of the content that would be seen within the film such as the action and danger it would most likely appeal to those between the ages of 18-35. Gender wise I think it would most likely appeal to males rather than females as the film is based on a comic book and therefore would be better perceived by the male gender.

...Typography...

The typography is very dynamic and vigorous, the use of the red colouring makes it stand out as being bold and eye catching as it would be the first thing that the audience would see if they were to look at the poster. Once again, it has a type of comic book aspect to it as it appears to be very vibrant and animated.  

...Expectations...

Based on the mise-en-scène seen within the poster, the audience could expect to see a lot of action and drama within the film. The film obviously comes under the genre of action which can also be tied in with the superhero aspect of it due to the actors' costumes. The film is most likely to be about the battle between good and evil with the basis of it being about life and death represented by the high key and low key lighting. The title of the film connotes there being a risk-taker within it maybe portrayed by the actor in the red suit as he is more faced forward and in the foreground more than any of the other characters.

Saturday, 22 November 2008

Mise-en-scène Comparison of 3 Film Extracts


Coming to America

(Comedy)





Dirty Dancing

(Romance)




Chicago

(Musical)




Costumes = The costumes seen within the extract from the film "Coming to America" don't really reflect on the title as they do not show any connection. The costumes worn by the actors seen within the extract seem to reflect a church type environment connoted by the hats, dresses and suits, there is also a connotation of there being a band within the extract as some of the actors are dressed in the same costumes while the costumes worn by the actors in "Dirty Dancing" do have some type of reflection on the title of the film. The female actors seen within the extract from the film "Dirty Dancing" are wearing dresses while some of the men are dressed in suits with others dressed casually wearing shirts and trousers, you would usually associate these costumes with the word "dancing" which is part of the title whereas the costumes seen within the extract from the film "Chicago" don't really have a connection to the title but have a connection to the era of when the film was set. "Chicago" was set in 1920s Chicago, the way in which the costumes connect with this era is that they are very sexy and seductive connoting the rough/raunchiness not only seen within that period of time but also seen within the film.

Lighting = Natural lighting has been used within "Coming to America" showing that there is not much of a connotation seen within the extract when it comes to the lighting however a mix of both high key and low key lighting have been used within the extract from the film "Dirty Dancing" connoting on the genre of the film as it creates a type of sultry effect within the setting again connoting on the genre as it is shown that there is passion between the two main characters. Again there is a mix of both high key and low key lighting used within "Chicago", at the beginning of the extract from the film there is high key lighting focused on the female character while low key lighting is focused on the other actors around her, this shows that there is a connotation of her playing a very important role within the film.

Actors = Most of the actors in "Coming to America" look a bit bewildered as to what the character "Randy Watson" is doing .i.e. the way he is singing which may connote that they either don't like him or may not like his voice whereas in the extract from the film "Dirty Dancing" the two main actors seem to have very good eye contact with each other as they look at each other the whole way through the extract, this connotes them showing how much they are in love with each other; this is also represented by their body language which shows them to be very relaxed with one another as they dance closely in each other's arms. It could also be said that there is good eye contact provided within the extract taken from the film "Chicago" as the blonde haired female character seems to be star-struck by the dark haired female character who is singing, this is connoted by the blonde haired female keeping her eyes focused on the dark haired female. At one point in the extract she imagines that it is her singing connoting the idea of her wanting to experience the stardom of which she strives for.

Make-up = Within the extract from the film "Coming to America" it looks like there isn't much make-up used giving off a real effect of it being based within a church type environment as make-up isn't something someone would necessarily need to wear when going to church whereas in the extract from the film "Dirty Dancing" you can tell that make-up has been used with the aim of this possibly being that the directors probably wanted the film to appear very passionate and amorous represented by the use of lipstick and eye make-up, not trying to take away from the genre of the film but then again not trying to over indulge it. You could say that an equal amount of make-up has been used in the extract from the film "Chicago" as the bright red lipstick and heavy eye make-up connote the flirtations between people in the 1920s as a basis of the females' make-up.

Props = There is a similarity between the props used within the three extracts as they all include chairs and tables (most noticeably seen within the extracts from the films "Dirty Dancing" and "Chicago"), these props show that the actors are performing to an audience which is also represented by all of them performing on a stage. Not as many props have been used within the extract from the film "Dirty Dancing" as we only see that chairs, tables and evidently tiny light bulbs have been used which can be seen on the stage where the two main actors are dancing; these have been used to add extra lighting to the scene however there is a clear similarity between the props used in the two other extracts. Within the extracts from the films "Coming to America" and "Chicago" there is clear use of musical instruments; for example, guitars, drum sets and microphones have been used in both to show that there are music bands incorporated within the films however the visible musical instruments used within the extract from the film "Chicago" such as a piano and a saxophone connote on the view of there being a Jazz band which is also portrayed by the music of which they play.

Setting = All three film extracts are shown to have a stage included within the setting connoting that there is a performance going on however each of their settings are very different to one another. When watching the extract from the film "Coming to America" the audience may come to think that it is based in a church, even though it is not an actual church it has a church like setting due to the costumes worn by the actors and the staging. The costumes worn by the actors and the non-diegetic sound heard within the extract from the film "Dirty Dancing" connote that it is a film set in the 80s also portrayed by the dancing seen within the extract. As said before the setting of the film "Chicago" is 1920s Chicago, from what I could see within the extract I would say that it is set in the type of 1920s nightclubs due to the music played and the environment focusing on the lengths that people will go to in order to get to where they want in life.

...Target Audience...

There is a difference between the target audiences of the three film extracts.

Based on the extract from the film "Coming to America" it is most likely that the target audience will be those aged 12-24 possibly going up to the age of 35 due to the content of the film as it based on comedy giving off the aspect of humour seen within the extract from the film, you could also say that it will appeal to both men and women therefore having a mixed target audience.

The target audience for the film "Chicago" seems to be a lot older than it is for the film "Coming to America"; this is due to the content shown within the extract from the film. During the beginning of the extract the female character is shown to be hiding a small pistol and washing blood off her hands connoting that there is some sort of violence which may be seen within the film, this also most noticeably connotes the idea of there being a murder within the film, due to this I would say that the target audience will most likely be those aged 18-35 with it appealing to women rather than men due to it being a musical.

The target audience for the film "Dirty Dancing" seems to differ from the target audiences for the two other films, this is because "Dirty Dancing" appears to have two target audiences; one being the primary audience and the other being the secondary audience. The primary audience for the film "Dirty Dancing" would most likely be women aged 18-35 and the secondary audience would most likely be tween/teen girls aged 12-17 due to the genre of the film however you could probably say that the film was produced mainly for adults as there were clear boundaries set as far as the make-up and dancing went seen within the extract.

Sunday, 16 November 2008

Institution Case Study


Case Study (#1)

Revolver Entertainment



Revolver Entertainment was founded in 1997 by Justin Marciano, since then it has become one of the UK's largest film distributors being listed at number 14, it is also the 20th largest home entertainment publisher. The company works with various charities by making film premieres which are available to those in need at Gala fundraisers; a big example of this is when Revolver Entertainment produced "The Best Comedy DVD in the World" which was released in 2005 with all the profits made going to UNICEF, in under 12 months it raised just under £1 million for children who were affected by the Tsunami disaster which occurred in 2004. It is one of the UK's leading independent film companies which have managed the industry with a distinctive approach in releasing films and DVD's. Although situated in the UK, Revolver Entertainment also focuses on releasing French-noir films.
Revolver Entertainment leads a team of people from all different backgrounds of the media industry such as production, broadcast, distribution, PR (Public Relations), marketing, journalism, creative backgrounds and advertising. 2008 marks Revolver's most successful year to date as they released 15 melodramatic films and over 50 entertainment titles.

Films released in the UK which have been produced by Revolver Entertainment include:-

Chunky Monkey (2001)                                      Tell No One (2006)

                                 


Kidulthood (2006)                                              Zombie Diaries (2006)

                              

After the launch of Revolver Entertainment in the USA in 2007, it's brand has been able to spread widely across the Atlantic which began with the release of home entertainment titles all throughout the country.

Some of the films released in the USA which have been produced by Revolver Entertainment include:-

Savage Grace (2007)                                                3000 Miles (2007)

                              

Farce of the Penguins (2007)                                The Wackness (2008)

                                      

A lot of the films produced by Revolver Entertainment in the UK and the USA are mainly horror based or crime thriller based. The marketing team based at Revolver Entertainment continue to win awards for the originality and creativity with the films they produce; this has led to their films being nominated for Oscars and BAFTA Awards.
Recent developments show that in order to respond to the "new media" age Revolver Entertainment will be collaborating with Image Entertainment which is a leading independent licensee, producer and distributor of home entertainment programming in North America as their reputation in the UK will help them achieve a stronger representation of their films within other countries.

Internet Sources:

Thursday, 13 November 2008

A British Independent Film and Television Production Company


Case Study (#2)

Ealing Studios


Ealing Studios located in Ealing Green, West London is a television and film production company which was originally occupied by Will Barker Studios courtesy of Will Barker who was operating on the site in 1902. It is the oldest film studio in the world as the home to the great Ealing comedies which is still in production producing films since the 1930's. The company is the only independent British studio to develop, finance and produce feature films for international distribution. In 1929 it was acquired by theatre producer Basil Dean's Associated Talking Pictures where he started building stages there which opened up in 1931 making films under the name of ATP (Associated Talking Pictures) from 1933. The "Golden Era" of Ealing Studios had begun in 1938 when Michael Balcon joined Dean in his position as Head of Production, however by the end of 1938 Dean had left and Michael Balcon had taken on the full role of Head of Production within the company, by then about 60 films had been made by the studios. Balcon discontinued the ATP name and began issuing films under the Ealing Studios name once again.
The studios produced on average around five or six feature films a year, but also made short films and documentaries and by the time the war broke out in 1939 Ealing Studios was already known for producing films which had a "cosy Britishness" aspect to them. In 1944 the company was taken over by the Rank Organisation which was a British entertainment company. Balcon stayed at Ealing Studios throughout the war years and into the post-war period receiving a knighthood for his services in 1948; however in 1957 he had left after the BBC bought the Studios in 1955. They spent the next 2 years creating television productions from Ealing Studios such as Fortunes of War, Colditz and The Singing Detective. However in 1957 Ealing Studios had closed down because it had struggled for a couple of years from about 1954, this was due to it producing mediocre films and then good films, this was a result of television taking it's toll on the whole industry; because of the new techniques and European styles it made the Ealing products look old-fashioned.

Up until the closure of the company Ealing Studios had produced a variety of films which were based on the war or comedy, some of these included:-

The Ghost of St. Michael's (1941)             The Lavender Hill Mob (1951)

                                  

Secret People (1952)                                         The Ladykillers (1955)

                             

With a lot of the films being made during the Second World War many of the characters created during this period were not created to necessarily reflect real individuals during this time but rather those who could be seen as being role models of this period. It was important to not only show those in the armed forces and government agencies as heroic in carrying out their duty to Britain but to also show those on the home front; for example, miners, factory workers, firemen and postmistresses as an equal act of heroism who held the society together and retained everything good about Britain until the troops came home.
In 1995 Ealing Studios were reopened and the BBC sold them to the National Film and Television School, throughout this time the Studios were used as a training facility by the school, they were then bought for £10 million by Barnaby Thompson, Uri Fruchtmann, Harry Handelsman and John Kao who shared the view of reviving the fortunes of the studios. In June 2001, permission was granted to develop the Ealing Studios site into a next generation studio for television, digital and traditional filmmaking companies. Together they aimed to rebuild the Studios with the vision of bringing films, technology and property expertise together in order to revive and continue the great quality of past productions made by Ealing Studios.
Under new direction Ealing Studios has started producing some of the country's greatest films; The Importance of Being Earnest released in 2002 was the first production to be made under the Ealing Studios banner since 1959. In 2005, Ealing Studios secured £1.2 million of development funding from the UK Film Council for it's own films. Other films which have been made under the Ealing Studios name include Shaun of The Dead, Alien Autopsy, Imagine Me & You, Easy Virtue, I Want Candy, St Trinian's and Valiant which was released in 2005 which went on to be the year's highest grossing independent film in the UK.
 
Shaun of the Dead (2004)                         Imagine Me & You (2005)   

                              

Valiant (2005)                                                     St Trinian's (2007)

                          

Internet Sources: